Advanced Programming Guide.pdf

Maple

AdvancedProgramming

Guide

M.B.MonaganK.O.GeddesK.M.Heal

G.LabahnS.M.VorkoetterJ.McCarron

P.DeMarco

cMaplesoft,adivisionofWaterlooMapleInc.2005.

ii ¯

Maple,Maplesoft,Maplet,andOpenMaplearetrademarksofWater-

looMapleInc.

c Maplesoft,adivisionofWaterlooMapleInc.2005.Allrightsre-

served.

Theelectronicversion(PDF)ofthisbookmaybedownloadedand

printedforpersonaluseorstoredasacopyonapersonalmachine.The

electronicversion(PDF)ofthisbookmaynotbedistributed.Information

inthisdocumentissubjecttochangewithoutnoticeanddoesnotrep-

resentacommitmentonthepartofthevendor.Thesoftwaredescribed

inthisdocumentisfurnishedunderalicenseagreementandmaybeused

orcopiedonlyinaccordancewiththeagreement.Itisagainstthelawto

copythesoftwareonanymediumasspecißcallyallowedintheagreement.

WindowsisaregisteredtrademarkofMicrosoftCorporation.

JavaandallJavabasedmarksaretrademarksorregisteredtrade-

marksofSunMicrosystems,Inc.intheUnitedStatesandothercountries.

MaplesoftisindependentofSunMicrosystems,Inc.

Allothertrademarksarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.

ThisdocumentwasproducedusingaspecialversionofMaplethat

readsandupdatesL A T E Xßles.

PrintedinCanada

ISBN1-894511-77-8

Contents

Preface 1

Audience.............................. 1

WorksheetGraphicalInterface.................. 2

ManualSet............................. 2

Conventions............................. 3

CustomerFeedback......................... 3

1Procedures,Variables,andExtendingMaple 5

PrerequisiteKnowledge................... 5

InThisChapter ....................... 5

1.1NestedProcedures...................... 5

ScopingRules......................... 6

LocalVersusGlobalVariables................ 6

TheQuick-SortAlgorithm.................. 8

Example............................ 8

CreatingaUniformRandomNumberGenerator..... 11

1.2ProceduresThatReturnProcedures............ 14

ConveyingValues....................... 14

CreatingaNewtonIteration................. 14

Example1........................... 15

Example2........................... 16

AShiftOperator....................... 17

1.3LocalVariablesandInvokingProcedures.......... 19

Example1........................... 19

Example2........................... 20

ProcedureasaReturnedObject.............. 22

Example3........................... 22

Example4........................... 24

Exercises ........................... 26

1.4InteractiveInput....................... 27

iii

iv¯Contents

ReadingStringsfromtheTerminal............. 27

Example1........................... 28

ReadingExpressionsfromtheTerminal .......... 28

Example2........................... 29

ConvertingStringstoExpressions ............. 30

1.5ExtendingMaple....................... 31

DeßningNewTypes..................... 31

Exercises ........................... 33

NeutralOperators...................... 33

Example1........................... 34

Exercise............................ 37

ExtendingCommands.................... 39

1.6Conclusion.......................... 42

2ProgrammingwithModules 43

Modules............................ 43

Examples........................... 44

ModuleVersusProcedure.................. 45

AccessingModuleExports.................. 46

InThisChapter ....................... 46

2.1SyntaxandSemantics.................... 47

TheModuleDeßnition.................... 47

TheModuleBody...................... 48

ModuleParameters...................... 48

NamedModules ....................... 48

Declarations.......................... 50

ExportedLocalVariables.................. 52

ModuleOptions........................ 57

ImplicitScopingRules.................... 58

LexicalScopingRules.................... 58

ModulesandTypes...................... 60

Example:ASymbolicDiÞerentiator............ 61

2.2Records............................ 72

2.3Packages............................ 78

WhatIsaPackage...................... 78

WritingMaplePackagesbyUsingModules ........ 80

TheLinkedListPackage.................. 80

CodeCoverageProßlingPackage.............. 87

TheShapesPackage..................... 95

2.4TheuseStatement......................103

OperatorRebinding.....................106

Contents¯v

2.5ModelingObjects.......................108

PriorityQueues........................111

AnObject-orientedShapesPackage............115

2.6InterfacesandImplementations...............117

Interfaces...........................118

GenericGraphAlgorithms..................124

QuotientFields........................129

AGenericGroupImplementation..............138

2.7ExtendedExample:ASearchEngine............159

IntroductiontoSearching..................159

InvertedTermOccurrenceIndexing.............161

TheVectorSpaceModel...................164

TermWeighting........................167

BuildingaSearchEnginePackage.............168

LatentSemanticAnalysis..................172

TheSearchEnginePackage.................173

UsingthePackage......................180

2.8Conclusion..........................184

3InputandOutput 185

InThisChapter .......................185

3.1ATutorialExample.....................186

3.2FileTypesandModes....................190

BuÞeredFilesversusUnbuÞeredFiles...........190

TextFilesversusBinaryFiles................190

ReadModeversusWriteMode...............191

ThedefaultandterminalFiles..............191

3.3FileDescriptorsversusFileNames.............192

3.4FileManipulationCommands................193

OpeningandClosingFiles..................193

PositionDeterminationandAdjustment..........194

DetectingtheEndofaFile.................195

DeterminingFileStatus...................195

RemovingFiles........................196

3.5InputCommands.......................197

ReadingTextLinesfromaFile...............197

ReadingArbitraryBytesfromaFile............197

FormattedInput.......................198

ReadingMapleStatements .................204

ReadingTabularData....................204

3.6OutputCommands......................206

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