IPCC_low_en.pdf

SAFEGUARDING THE

OZONE LAYER AND

THE GLOBAL

CLIMATE SYSTEM

Issues Related to Hydrofluorocarbons

and Perfluorocarbons

Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Technology and Economic Assessment Panel

IPCC/TEAP Special Report on

Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global

Climate System:

Issues Related to Hydro ﬂ uorocarbons and

Per ﬂ uorocarbons

Summary for Policymakers

A Report of Working Groups I and III of the IPCC

and

Technical Summary

A Report accepted by Working Groups I and III of the IPCC but not approved

in detail

This report was produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the

Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) on the invitation of the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Montreal Protocol

ISBN 92-9169-118-6

Foreword

e Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was

jointly established by the World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme

(UNEP) in 1988 to assess available information on the science,

the impacts, and the economics of, and the options for mitigating

and/or adapting to, climate change. In addition, the IPCC

provides, on request, scientiﬁ c, technical, and socio-economic

advice to the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

e IPCC has produced a series of Assessment Reports, Special

Reports, Technical Papers, methodologies, and other products

that have become standard works of reference and that are widely

used by policymakers, scientists, and other experts.

After the decision of the Eighth Conference of the Parties to

the UNFCCC 1 , the Fourteenth Meeting of the Parties to

the Montreal Protocol (Rome, Italy, 25-29 November 2002),

welcomed this decision, and requested the TEAP to work with the

IPCC in preparing the Special Report, and requested simultaneous

submission of the report to the Open Ended Working Group

under e Montreal Protocol and the UNFCCC SBSTA. e

scope, structure, and outline of the Special Report were approved

by the IPCC in plenary meetings during its Twentieth Session in

Paris, France, from 19-21 February 2003.

As is usual in the IPCC, success in producing this report has

depended ﬁ rst and foremost on the enthusiasm and cooperation

of experts worldwide in many related but diﬀ erent disciplines. We

would like to express our gratitude to all the Coordinating Lead

Authors, Lead Authors, Contributing Authors, Review Editors,

and Expert Reviewers. ese individuals have devoted enormous

time and eﬀ ort to produce this report and we are extremely grateful

for their commitment to the IPCC process.

e Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global

Climate System was developed in response to invitations by the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1

and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone

Layer 2 . IPCC and the Montreal Protocol’s Technology and Economic

Assessment Panel (TEAP) were asked to work together to develop

a balanced scientiﬁ c, technical and policy-relevant Special Report.

e request covered both a scientiﬁ c assessment of the interrelations

between the ozone layer and climate change and development of

user-friendly and policy-neutral information to assist all Parties

and stakeholders in making informed decisions when evaluating

alternatives to ozone-depleting substances.

We would also like to express our sincere thanks to the Steering

Committee for this Report, which consisted of co-chairs from

both the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP)

and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):

Stephen Andersen, Lambert Kuijpers, and José Pons

for the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP),

and

Discussions on these topics have a long history, including

deliberations at the Fourth Conference of the Parties to the

UNFCCC (held in 1998 in Buenos Aires) which invited

Parties and all other relevant entities to provide information to

the UNFCCC Secretariat on available and potential ways and

means of limiting emissions of hydroﬂ uorocarbons (HFCs) and

perﬂ uorocarbons (PFCs) when used as replacements for ozone

depleting substances. In 1999, an IPCC/TEAP Expert Meeting

was organized 3 , which addressed the issue and forms important

background for the present eﬀ ort, along with new information on

science, technology, and policy needs.

Susan Solomon, Ogunlade Davidson and Bert Metz (chair of

the Steering Committee)

for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

We are convinced that this Special Report provides a balanced

scientiﬁ c, technical and policy-related assessment that will assist

all concerned in taking decisions when considering alternatives to

ozone-depleting substances.

Michel Jarraud

Secretary-General,

World Meteorological Organization

Klaus Töpfer

Executive Director,

United Nations Environment Programme and

Director-General,

United Nations O ce in Nairobi

1 Decision 12/CP.8, FCCC/CP/2002/7/Add.1, page 30. Eight Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, New Delhi, India, 23 October – 1 November 2002

2 Decision XIV/10 UNEP/OzL.Pro.14/9, page 42. Fourteenth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, Rome, Italy, 25-29 November 2002

3 Proceedings of the Joint IPCC/TEAP Expert Meeting on options for the limitation of emissions of HFCs and PFCs, Petten, e Netherlands, 26-28 May 1999, see

http://www.ipcc-wg3.org/docs/IPCC-TEAP99/index.html

Preface

is Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone and the Global Climate

System has been developed in response to invitations from Parties to

the UNFCCC and the Montreal Protocol. It provides information

relevant to decision-making in regard to safeguarding the ozone

layer and the global climate system: two global environmental

issues involving complex scientiﬁ c and technical considerations.

e scope, structure, and outline of this Special Report were

approved by the IPCC at its Twentieth Session in Paris, France,

19–21 February 2003. e responsibility for preparing the report

was given jointly to IPCC’s Working Groups I and III and the

Montreal Protocol's Technology and Economic Assessment Panel

(TEAP). A joint IPCC/ TEAP Steering Committee (see below)

was established to manage preparation of the report following

IPCC procedures.

decisions under the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund. When

the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in 1997, countries had new

incentives to take account of how choices among substitutes

could aﬀ ect the objectives of both protocols. ese considerations

created a need for more comprehensive information regarding

options for ODS replacement that take into account the need of

safeguarding the ozone layer as well as the global climate system.

In May 1999, the IPCC and TEAP held a joint expert meeting on

options for the limitation of Emissions of HFCs and PFCs and

in October 1999 TEAP published its report: “ e implications

to the Montreal Protocol of the Inclusion of HFCs and PFCs

in the Kyoto Protocol”. is Special Report of 2005 is the latest

cooperative eﬀ ort.

e potential of each ODS substitute to inﬂ uence the climate

system depends not only upon the physical and chemical properties

of the substance itself but also upon the factors that inﬂ uence

emissions to the atmosphere, such as containment, recycling,

destruction and energy e ciency in particular applications. Gases,

applications and sectors considered in the report are those related

to emissions of CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and PFCs, as well as to

alternatives for the use of HFCs and PFCs. e report does not

consider unrelated industrial or other uses of the same chemicals

e report covers chemicals and technologies in use or likely to be

used in the next decade.

Background

Scientiﬁ c evidence linking chloroﬂ uorocarbons (CFCs) and other

Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) to global ozone depletion

led to the initial control of chemicals under the 1987 Montreal

Protocol and to Amendments and Adjustments in the 1990s

that added additional ODSs, agreed phaseouts, and accelerated

those phaseouts. is international process has resulted in (i)

elimination of production of most CFCs, methyl chloroform, and

halons, (ii) the increased use of existing hydrochloroﬂ uorocarbons

(HCFCs), (iii) the new production of a wide range of industrial

ﬂ uorine containing chemicals, including new types of HCFCs,

hydroﬂ uorocarbons (HFCs) and perﬂ uorocarbons (PFCs), (iv)

use of non-halogenated chemical substitutes such as hydrocarbons,

carbon dioxide and ammonia and (v) the development of not-

in-kind alternative methods such as water-based cleaning

procedures.

Organization of the Report

e report provides the scientiﬁ c context required for consideration

of choices among alternatives to ODSs (chapters 1 and 2); potential

methodologies for assessing options (chapter 3); and technical

issues relating to GHG emission reduction opportunities for each

of the sectors involved, including refrigeration, air conditioning,

foams, aerosols, ﬁ re protection and solvents (chapters 4 to 10).

e report also addresses the future availability of HFCs (chapter

11).

e likelihood that CFCs and other ODSs also aﬀ ect the climate

system was ﬁ rst identiﬁ ed in the 1970s, and the global warming

eﬀ ectiveness of halocarbons, including HFCs, has been further

elucidated over the past three decades. For example, the 1989

Scientiﬁ c Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone included a chapter

on halocarbon global warming potentials (GWPs) and the 1989

Technology Assessment presented these GWPs in discussions of the

importance of energy e ciency in insulating foam, refrigeration,

and air conditioning. As various approaches were developed to the

phase-out of ODSs under the Montreal Protocol, it was realized

that some actions taken to reduce future depletion of the ozone

layer, in particular the introduction of HFCs and PFCs, could

increase or decrease global warming impact.

Chapters 1 and 2 address linkages between ozone depletion and

climate change, and draw from previous international scientiﬁ c

assessments, particularly the periodic assessments conducted under

the auspices of WMO, UNEP, and the IPCC (e.g., the most recent

Scientiﬁ c Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002 , the Assessment of

the Environmental Impacts of Ozone Depletion, 2002 , and Climate

Change: e Scientiﬁ c Basis, 2001 ). Chapter 1 covers stratospheric

chemistry and dynamics and their coupling to climate change,

while chapter 2 covers radiative forcing of each of the relevant gases

as well as their roles in tropospheric chemistry and air quality. e

present report does not seek to cover the breadth and depth of the

more specialized ozone and climate change assessments, but rather

to provide a summary of relevant interactions between the two

is scientiﬁ c and technical information allowed Parties to the

Montreal Protocol to choose options to replace ODSs, mindful of

the global warming impact and was reﬂ ected in some investment

environmental issues to aid the understanding and application of

the rest of the report.

e ﬁ nal report was considered by a joint Session of IPCC

Working Groups I and III held in Addis Ababa from April 6 th

to 8 th , 2005, where the SPM was approved line-by-line and the

underlying report was accepted by the IPCC Panel.

Chapter 3 summarizes available methodologies to characterize or

compare technologies (such as the lifecycle climate performance

parameter, LCCP), particularly those approaches that are applied

across the diverse sectors covered in this report.

Acknowledgements

e Steering Committee sincerely appreciates all the Coordinating

Lead Authors, Lead Authors, and Review Editors whose expertise,

diligence, and patience have underpinned the successful

completion of this report and who generously contributed

substantial amounts of their professional and personal time, and

the contribution of the many contributors and reviewers for their

valuable and painstaking dedication and work.

Chapters 4 through 10 then provide technical descriptions

and information for each of the key sectors of halocarbon use:

refrigeration (4), residential and commercial air conditioning

and heating (5), mobile air conditioning (6), foams (7), medical

aerosols (8), ﬁ re protection (9), and non-medical aerosols, solvents

and HFC-23 byproduct emissions from HCFC-22 production

(10). Each chapter provides an overview of its sector, the relevant

technologies, information on consumption and emission of

relevant gases, and practices and alternative technologies to reduce

emissions and net warming impacts. is includes consideration

of process improvement in applications, improved containment,

recovery and recycling during operation, end-of-life recovery,

disposal and destruction. e choices among options within each

sector involve detailed consideration of technical factors including

performance, environmental health and safety, cost, availability of

alternatives, and total energy and resource e ciencies.

Chapter 11 covers both supply and demand issues for HFCs,

and integrates emissions estimates across sectors and regions. It

aggregates the emissions information for various chemicals from

the various sectors, and considers the balance between supply and

demand of HFCs.

We also thank Marco Gonzalez and Megumi Seki from UNEP’s

Ozone Secretariat, for their co-sponshorship, ﬁ nancial support

and commitment to the process that led to this report.

We thank the Governments of the Netherlands, United States of

America, Japan, and Argentina for hosting the four report drafting

meetings, and the Government of Ethiopia and the United Nations

Centre in Addis Ababa for hosting the Joint Working Group I and

III Session.

We also thank Renate Christ, Secretary of the IPCC, and the

staﬀ of the IPCC Secretariat, who provided logistical support for

government liaison and travel of experts from the developing and

transitional economy countries.

Finally we also thank the staﬀ of the Working Groups I and III

Technical Support Units, for their work in preparing the report,

in particular David de Jager (Secretary of the Steering Committee,

TSU WG III), Martin Manning (Head TSU WG I), Leo Meyer

(Head TSU WG III) for their scientiﬁ c and management support,

and Tahl Kestin, Scott Longmore, Melinda Tignor (WGI), Heleen

de Coninck, Anita Meier, Martin Middelburg, Rob Puijk, and

elma van den Brink (WG III) for their technical and logistic

support. Special thanks to Christine Ennis, Dave omas and

Pete omas for their contribution to the copy-editing of the ﬁ nal

draft of this report.

As in past IPCC reports, this report contains a Summary for

Policymakers (SPM) and a Technical Summary (TS), in addition

to the main chapters. Each section of the SPM and TS has been

referenced to the appropriate section of the relevant chapter, so

that material in the SPM and TS can easily be followed up in

further detail in the chapters. e report also contains annexes

with a the list of Authors and Expert Reviewers, a glossary, a list of

acronyms and abbreviations, a list of units and conversion factors,

and an overview of major chemical formulae and nomenclature of

substances that are considered in this report.

e report was compiled between August 2003 and April 2005

by 145 experts from 35 countries. e draft report was circulated

for review by experts, which submitted valuable suggestions for

improvement. is was followed by a second review by both

governments and experts. In these two review rounds, about 6600

comments were received from about 175 experts, governments

and non-governmental organizations. is review process, and

its oversight by Review Editors who are independent of the

author teams, is an intrinsic part of any IPCC assessment and is

an important part of ensuring the quality and credibility of the

product.

e Steering Committee for this Report:

Stephen O. Andersen, Co-Chair of the TEAP

Ogunlade Davidson, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group III

Lambert Kuijpers, Co-Chair of the TEAP

Bert Metz, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group III (Chair of

the Steering Committee)

José Pons, Co-Chair of the TEAP

Susan Solomon, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group I

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