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Irish Literary Revival
1
Irish Literary Revival
The
Irish Literary Revival
(also called the
Irish Literary Renaissance
, nicknamed the
Celtic Twilight
) was a
flowering of Irish literary talent in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Forerunners
The literary movement was associated with a revival of interest in Ireland's Gaelic heritage and the growth of
Irish
nationalism f
rom the middle of the 19th century. The poetry of
James Clarence Mangan
and
Samuel Ferguson
and
Standish James O'Grady'
s
History of Ireland: Heroic Period
were influential in shaping the minds of the following
generations.
[1]
Others who contributed to the build-up of national consciousness during the 19th century included
poet and writer
George Sigerson,
antiquarians and music collectors such as
George Petrie
and the Joyce brothers,
editors such as Matthew Russell (of the
Irish Monthly
), scholars such as
John O'Donovan a
nd
Eugene O'Curry
and
nationalists such as
Charles Kickham
and
John O'Leary.
In 1882 the
Gaelic Union
established the
Gaelic Journal
(
Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge
), the first important bilingual Irish periodical with the help of
Douglas Hyde,
with
David
Comyn a
s editor.
Developments
The early literary revival had two geographic centers, in Dublin and in London, and
William Butler Yeats t
ravelled
between the two, writing and organising. In 1888 he published
Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry
, a
compilation of pieces by various authors of the 18th and 19th centuries. He had been assisted by
Douglas Hyde
,
whose
Beside the Fire
, a collection of folklore in Irish, was published in 1890. In London in 1892, along with
T. W.
Rolleston
, and
Charles Gavan Duffy
, he set up the
Irish Literary Society
. Back in Dublin he founded the
National
Literary Society i
n the same year, with
Douglas Hyde a
s first President. Meanwhile the more radical
Arthur Griffith
and
William Rooney
were active in the Irish Fireside Club and went on to found the Leinster Literary Society.
[2]
In 1893 Yeats published
The Celtic Twilight
, a collection of lore and
reminiscences from the West of Ireland. The book closed with the poem "Into the
Twilight". It was this book and poem that gave the revival its nickname. In this
year Hyde,
Eugene O'Growney
and
Eoin MacNeill
founded the
Gaelic League
,
with Hyde becoming its first President. It was set up to encourage the
preservation of Irish culture, its music, dances and language. Also in that year
appeared Hyde's
The Love Songs of Connacht
, which inspired Yeats,
John
Millington Synge a
nd
Lady Gregory.
[3]
Thomas A. Finlay
founded the
New Ireland Review
, a literary magazine, in 1894,
which he edited until 1911, when it was replaced by
Studies
. Many of the leading
literary lights of the time contributed to it.
[4]
1900 portrait of
William Butler
Yeats
by his father,
John Butler
Yeats
In 1897 Hyde became editor, with T. W. Rolleston and Charles Gavan Duffy, of
the
New Irish Library
, a series of books on Irish history and literature issued by
the London publisher, Fisher Unwin. Two years later Hyde published his
Literary history of Ireland
.
Yeats, Lady Gregory and
Edward Martyn
published a
Manifesto for Irish Literary Theatre
in 1897, in which they
proclaimed their intention of establishing a national theater for Ireland. The
Irish Literary Theatre
was founded by
Yeats, Lady Gregory and Martyn in 1899, with assistance from
George Moore
. It proposed to give performances in
Dublin of Irish plays by Irish authors.
[5]
The Fay brothers formed
W. G. Fay's Irish National Dramatic Company
,
focused on the development of Irish acting talent. The company produced works by
Seumas O'Cuisin,
Fred Ryan
and
Irish Literary Revival
2
Yeats.
Around the turn of the century
Patrick S. Dinneen p
ublished editions of
Geoffrey Keating
's
Foras Feasa ar Éirinn
,
poems by
Aogán Ó Rathaille a
nd
Piaras Feiritéar,
and other works for the
Irish Texts Society
and the Gaelic League.
He then went on to write the first novel in Irish, while continuing to work on his great Irish-English dictionary.
[6]
On
Easter Sunday 1900 Yeat's friend and muse,
Maud Gonne,
founded
Inghinidhe na hÉireann (
English: Daughters of
Ireland), a revolutionary women
’
s society which included writers
Alice Furlong
, Annie Egan,
Ethna Carbery
and
Sinéad O'Flanagan (later wife of
Éamon de Valera)
, and the actors Máire Quinn and
Sara Allgood.
The
Irish-language newspaper
Banba
was founded in 1901 with
Tadhg Ó Donnchadha a
s editor. The following year he
also became editor of the
Gaelic Journal
.
In 1903 Yeats, Lady Gregory,
George Russell ("AE")
, Edward Martyn, and Synge founded the Irish National
Theatre Society with funding from
Annie Horniman
; Fred Ryan was secretary. The
Abbey Theatre
was opened by
this society in Abbey Street on 27 December 1904.
Máire Nic Shiubhlaigh p
layed the name part in
Cathleen Ni
Houlihan
. Yeats' brother
Jack
painted portraits of all the leading figures in the society for the foyer, while
Sarah
Purser
designed stained glass for the same space. The new Abbey Theatre found great popular success. It staged
many plays by eminent or soon-to-be eminent authors, including Yeats, Lady Gregory, Moore, Martyn,
Padraic
Colum,
George Bernard Shaw,
Oliver St John Gogarty,
F. R. Higgins
,
Thomas MacDonagh
,
Lord Dunsany
,
T. C.
Murray,
James Cousins a
nd
Lennox Robinson
.
[7]
In 1904 John Eglinton started the journal
Dana
, to which Fred Ryan and
Oliver St John Gogarty c
ontributed.
[8]
In 1906 the publishing house of Maunsel and Company was founded by
Stephen Gwynn
,
Joseph Maunsel Hone
and
George Roberts t
o publish Irish writers. Its first publication was
Rush-light
by
Joseph Campbell.
[9]
Lady Gregory
started publishing her collection of
Kiltartan
stories, including
A Book of Saints and Wonders
(1906) and
The
Kiltartan History Book
(1909).
The
Irish Review
was founded in 1910 by poet and writer
James Stephens
, with David Houston, Thomas
MacDonagh, Padraic and
Mary Colum a
nd
Joseph Mary Plunkett
. Plunkett published a collection of poems,
The
Circle and The Sword
, the same year.
Fellow travellers
The movement co-existed with the growth of interest in the Irish language (
Gaelic League)
, the
Home Rule
movement, the
Gaelic Athletic Association,
and other cultural organisations. It spawned a number of books and
magazines and poetry by lesser-known artists such as Alice Furlong, Ethna Carbery,
Dora Sigerson Shorter
and
Alice Milligan a
round the turn of the century. These were followed by the likes of
George Roberts
,
Katharine Tynan,
Thomas MacDonagh,
Seán O'Casey,
Seamus O'Sullivan
and others up to the 1930s. It was complemented by
developments in the arts world, which included artists such as Sarah Purser,
Grace Gifford,
Estella Solomons
and
Beatrice Elvery
.
[10]
Notes
[1] Boyd, Ernest (23 December 1916). "The Irish Literary Revival".
The Irish Times
: p. 3.
[2] McGuire, James; Quinn, James (2009).
Dictionary of Irish Biography
.
Volume V
. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy-Cambridge University Press.
p. 608. ISBN 978-0-521-63331-4.
[3] Ó Corráin, Donnchadh. "Douglas Hyde"
(http:/
/
multitext.
ucc.
ie/
d/
Douglas_Hyde3344120424)
. University College Cork, Multitext Project
in Irish History. . Retrieved 20 August 2011.
[4]
Thomas J. Morrissey, SJ T
homas A. Finlay SJ, 1848
–
1940, Educationalist, editor, social reformer. Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2004. ISBN
1-85182-827-3
[5]
[5] Foster (2003), pp. 486, 662.
[6] Welch, Robert (1996).
The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature
. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280080-9.
[7] McCormack, W. J. (ed.).
The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture
, Blackwell Publishing, 28 January 2002. p. 7. ISBN
0-631-22817-9
[8] Carens, James (1979).
Surpassing Wit
. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 22.
Irish Literary Revival
3
[9]
[9] John Kelly, Ronald Schuchard: The Collected Letters of W.B. Yeats, 1905-1907 (2005). Oxford University Press. p. 87
[10] Report (15 September 1913). "Irish Artists "At Home"".
The Irish Times
: p. 9.
Sources
•
Foster, R. F. (1997).
W. B. Yeats: A Life, Vol. I: The Apprentice Mage
. New York:
Oxford UP.
ISBN
0-19-288085-3.
Foster, R. F. (2003).
W. B. Yeats: A Life, Vol. II: The Arch-Poet 1915
–
1939
. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN
0-19-818465-4.
•
Ernest Boyd.
Ireland
’
s Literary Renaissance
. New York: John Lane (1916; revised edition; 1923)
•
External links
•
The National Library of Ireland's exhibition,
Yeats: The Life and Works of William Butler Yeats
(http:/
/
www.
nli.
ie/
yeats/
)
•
Irish culture leading to 1916
(http:/
/
www.
nli.
ie/
1916/
pdf/
3.
4.
3.
pdf)
Article Sources and Contributors
4
Article Sources and Contributors
Irish Literary Revival
Source
: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=529292440
Contributors
: Erik Kennedy, Filiocht, Hohenloh, Pigman, Ruthirwin1, Truthkeeper88, 4 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:William Butler Yeats by John Butler Yeats 1900.jpg
Source
: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Butler_Yeats_by_John_Butler_Yeats_1900.jpg
License
: Public
Domain
Contributors
: Maire
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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