Milsom J. Field Geophysics (Geological Field Guide)(Wiley,2002)(ISBN 0470843470)(233s).pdf

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Field Geophysics
THIRD EDITION
John Milsom
University College London
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Copyright
2003 by
John Milsom
Published 2003 by
John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
Telephone (
+
44) 1243 779777
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First edition first published in 1989 by Open University Press, and Halsted Press (a division of John Wiley
Inc.) in the USA, Canada and Latin America. Copyright
J. Milsom 1989.
Second edition first published in 1996 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Copyright 1996 John Wiley & Sons
Ltd.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or
otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK,
without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex
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This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject
matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional
services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent
professional should be sought.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Milsom, John, 1939–
Field geophysics / John Milsom.–3rd ed.
p. cm. – (The geological field guide series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-470-84347-0 (alk. paper)
1. Prospecting–Geophysical methods. I. Title. II. Series.
TN269 .F445 2002
622 .15–dc21
2002191039
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-470-84347-0
Typeset in 8.5/10.5pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
Contents
Preface to the First Edition
vii
Preface to the Second Edition
ix
Preface to the Third Edition
xi
1 Introduction
1
1.1 Fields
1
1.2 Geophysical Fieldwork
5
1.3 Geophysical Data
10
1.4 Bases and Base Networks
22
1.5 Global Positioning Satellites
25
2 Gravity Method
29
2.1 Physical Basis of the Gravity Method
29
2.2 Gravity Meters
31
2.3 Gravity Reductions
38
2.4 Gravity Surveys
41
2.5 Field Interpretation
46
3 Magnetic Method
51
3.1 Magnetic Properties
51
3.2 The Magnetic Field of the Earth
53
3.3 Magnetic Instruments
58
3.4 Magnetic Surveys
62
3.5 Simple Magnetic Interpretation
67
4 Radiometric Surveys
71
4.1 Natural Radiation
71
4.2 Radiation Detectors
75
4.3 Radiometric Surveys
78
5 Electric Current Methods – General Considerations
83
5.1 Resistivity and Conductivity
83
5.2 DC Methods
88
5.3 Varying Current Methods
91
6 Resistivity Methods
97
6.1 DC Survey Fundamentals
97
6.2 Resistivity Profiling
107
6.3 Resistivity Depth-sounding
108
6.4 Capacitative Coupling
113
v
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CONTENTS
7 SP and IP
117
7.1 SP Surveys
117
7.2 Polarization Fundamentals
120
7.3 Time-domain IP Surveys
122
7.4 Frequency-domain Surveys
124
7.5 IP Data
126
8 Electromagnetic Methods
129
8.1 Two-coil CW Systems
129
8.2 Other CWEM Techniques
140
8.3 Transient Electromagnetics
144
9 VLF and CSAMT/MT
149
9.1 VLF Radiation
149
9.2 VLF Instruments
155
9.3 Presentation of VLF Results
158
9.4 Natural and Controlled-source Audio-magnetotellurics
162
10 Ground Penetrating Radar
167
10.1 Radar Fundamentals
167
10.2 GPR Surveys
171
10.3 Data Processing
175
11 Seismic Methods – General Considerations
179
11.1 Seismic Waves
179
11.2 Seismic Sources
183
11.3 Detection of Seismic Waves
188
11.4 Recording Seismic Signals
192
12 Seismic Reflection
197
12.1 Reflection Theory
197
12.2 Reflection Surveys
201
13 Seismic Refraction
207
13.1 Refraction Surveys
207
13.2 Field Interpretation
211
13.3 Limitations of the Refraction Method
216
Appendix Terrain Corrections for Hammer Zones B to M
223
Bibliography
225
Index
229
vi
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